Market capitalization history provides a detailed record of a company's total market value over time. It is calculated by multiplying the company’s share price by the number of outstanding shares. This metric helps investors track a company’s growth, fluctuations in market value, and investor sentiment over different periods. By analyzing market cap history, investors can gain insights into a company's financial stability and performance in the market.
IPA (USA) - Immunoprecise Antibodies Ltd has been performing poorly over the last 12 months making 6 new higher highs and is now down around -72.26%. If you had invested $1,000 into it 12 months ago, you would now have around a $-722.60 loss. If however you had managed to pick the lowest price over the last 12 months you would be up 16.25% or around $162.46 profit in your pocket. Looking forward, Analysts have a target price of 5.000 which is roughly 1134.57% more then the current price of 0.41 so the stock potentially has some upside to it.
Performance
# of Higher Highs
% Price Change
These are the top-level executives and decision-makers within a corporation, whose actions and insights can significantly impact the company's financial performance. You can do more research on them to find out if they had good (or bad) track records in leading previous businesses to success that they may have been involved in.
Chief Scientific Officer & Interim General Manager of IPA Europe, Oss
NA
NA
CEO, President & Non-Independent Director
NA
NA
Chief Financial Officer
NA
NA
Vice President of Commercial Services
NA
NA
Head of General Operations of the Utrecht site of IPA (Europe)
NA
NA
Analyst ratings provide insights into how experts view a stock's potential. A 'Strong Buy' suggests high confidence in the stock’s future performance. 'Buy' ratings indicate a positive outlook. 'Hold' means maintaining current positions, while 'Sell' and 'Strong Sell' signal concerns. Seeing where Analysts are positioning themselves can give a high level overview of market confidence in a stock.
Rating
Strong Buy
Buy
Hold
Sell
Strong Sell
Technical indicators help investors analyze stock price trends and volatility. The 200 and 50-day moving averages show the average stock price over longer and shorter periods, highlighting potential support and resistance levels. The 52-week high and low indicate the stock's price range over the past year, providing a sense of its volatility. Beta measures the stock's sensitivity to market movements, with values below 1 indicating less volatility than the market.
200-day moving average
0.869
50-day moving average
0.445
shares short prior month
282962
Key statistics provide a snapshot of a company's financial health and performance. Metrics like Book Value, Earnings Per Share (EPS), and EBITDA highlight profitability, while Dividend Yield and Dividend per Share indicate income potential for investors. Ratios like PE, Operating Margin, and Profit Margin offer insights into valuation and efficiency. Growth metrics, such as quarterly earnings and revenue growth (YOY), reflect the company's expansion. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) measure how effectively a company uses its resources to generate profit.
EPS Estimate Current Year
-0.340
EPS Estimate Next Year
-0.250
market capitalization
12.58 M
most recent quarter
2024-10-31
operating margin TTM
-0.862
quarterly revenue growth YOY
-0.075
return on assets TTM
-0.135
return on equity TTM
-0.640
revenue per share TTM
0.921
Wall Street target price
5.000
These metrics provide a snapshot of a company’s financial health and market valuation, helping investors gauge whether a stock is overvalued, undervalued, or fairly priced. By examining factors like profitability, revenue generation, and asset value, investors can assess a company’s performance relative to its peers and the broader market. Metrics such as price-to-earnings, price-to-sales, and enterprise value ratios offer insights into how the market values a company’s earnings, sales, and cash flow generation potential. While these figures provide valuable context, they are most effective when combined with other analyses and compared against industry benchmarks.
Trailing PE
Forward PE
Price Sales TTM
Price Book MRQ
Enterprise Value
Enterprise Value Revenue
Enterprise Value Ebitda
0.522
0.553
21545805
1.287
-4.677
Shares statistics offer insights into stock ownership and market availability. The percentage of insiders and institutions reflects who holds the stock, with high institutional ownership often suggesting confidence in the company. Shares outstanding represent the total number of shares issued, while the shares float indicates the number available for public trading, affecting liquidity and volatility.
percent institutions
6.580
shares outstanding
31.06 M
short percent float
0.0241
Earnings annual refers to a company's total profits or net income over the course of a full fiscal year. This metric provides a comprehensive overview of a company’s financial performance, reflecting the impact of both operational efficiency and market conditions. Annual earnings are crucial for evaluating the company’s profitability, growth trajectory, and overall financial health, serving as a key indicator for investors, analysts, and stakeholders to assess its long-term prospects.
Earnings history refers to the record of a company's profits or net income over multiple periods, typically spanning several quarters or years. This data provides valuable insights into the company’s financial performance and its ability to generate consistent profits. By examining earnings history, investors and analysts can evaluate trends, identify patterns, and assess the sustainability of earnings, helping to make informed decisions about the company’s future potential and financial stability.
Date
Report Date
Before After Market
Eps Actual
Eps Estimate
Eps Difference
Surprise Percent
2023-01-31
2023-03-16
Before Market
-0.190
-0.230
0.040
17.391
2019-01-31
2019-03-27
After Market
-0.050
-0.100
0.050
50.000
2017-04-30
2017-04-30
-0.117
2022-01-31
2022-03-16
Before Market
-0.200
-0.160
-0.040
-25.000
2018-04-30
2018-04-30
-0.157
2023-07-31
2023-09-14
Before Market
-0.140
-0.200
0.060
30.000
2020-04-30
2020-07-01
-0.049
2025-04-30
2025-07-28
Before Market
2021-10-31
2021-12-13
Before Market
-0.260
-0.170
-0.090
-52.941
2018-07-31
2018-09-28
After Market
-0.075
2024-07-31
2024-09-16
Before Market
-0.110
-0.080
-0.030
-37.500
2023-04-30
2023-07-07
Before Market
-0.210
-0.170
-0.040
-23.529
2022-10-31
2022-12-15
Before Market
-0.300
-0.190
-0.110
-57.895
2020-01-31
2020-03-10
Before Market
-0.035
2017-10-31
2017-10-31
-0.079
2021-07-31
2021-09-09
After Market
-0.137
2025-01-31
2025-03-12
Before Market
2024-04-30
2024-07-29
Before Market
-0.110
-0.110
2022-04-30
2022-07-29
Before Market
-0.220
-0.200
-0.020
-10.000
2017-07-31
2017-07-31
-0.084
2020-10-31
2020-12-21
Before Market
-0.030
-0.020
-0.010
-50.000
2024-01-31
2024-03-14
Before Market
-0.110
-0.100
-0.010
-10.000
2024-10-31
2024-12-12
Before Market
-0.064
-0.070
0.006
9.000
2019-10-31
2019-12-17
Before Market
-0.076
2023-10-31
2023-12-14
Before Market
-0.100
-0.130
0.030
23.077
2021-04-30
2021-07-28
After Market
-0.237
2017-01-31
2017-01-31
-0.966
2020-07-31
2020-09-29
Before Market
-0.050
2019-07-31
2019-08-28
After Market
-0.300
-0.050
-0.250
-500.000
2018-10-31
2018-12-28
After Market
-0.100
-0.100
2021-01-31
2021-03-17
After Market
-0.080
-0.140
0.060
42.857
2019-04-30
2019-07-03
-0.212
2022-07-31
2022-09-14
Before Market
-0.380
-0.170
-0.210
-123.529
2018-01-31
2018-01-31
-0.101
Splits and dividends statistics provide information on a company's dividend policy and stock splits. The dividend date and ex-dividend date indicate when dividends are paid and when new investors become ineligible for the next payout. The forward annual dividend rate and yield show expected future income from dividends. The last split date and factor reveal when the stock was last split, which can affect share price and liquidity. The payout ratio indicates the proportion of earnings paid as dividends, reflecting the company’s dividend sustainability.
forward annual dividend rate
0.000
forward annual dividend yield
0.000
last split date
2020-11-23
These are the institutional investors who hold significant stakes in a company's stock, influencing its market dynamics and potentially offering valuable insights to stock traders seeking strategic investment opportunities. These companies often have large teams of analysts and complex financial models that lead them to invest in certain businesses and avoid others. When they move into or out of a stock it can cause large swings in the price due to the volume as well as the signal it sends to other investors about their confindence in a stock. It can help provide a "credibility" signal if large well known institutions hold a stock.
Name
Date
Total Shares
Total Assets
Current Shares
Change %:
2024-09-30
0.209
0.000
60.30 K
2024-09-30
0.201
0.000
57.81 K
2024-09-30
0.061
0.000
17.48 K
2024-09-30
0.143
0.000
41.20 K
2024-09-30
0.176
0.000
50.73 K
2024-09-30
0.054
0.001
15.68 K
2024-09-30
0.093
0.006
26.81 K
2024-09-30
0.043
0.000
12.53 K
2024-09-30
0.007
0.000
2.00 K
2024-09-30
0.035
0.000
10.00 K
2024-09-30
0.091
0.000
26.27 K
2024-09-30
0.049
0.000
14.00 K
2024-09-30
5.407
0.039
1.56 M
2024-09-30
0.006
0.000
1.67 K
2024-09-30
0.201
0.000
57.81 K
Very similar to Institutional holders, these are funds with "skin in the game" that hold often significant investments in the listed company. Likewise their movement into and out of stocks can provide investors with confidence or otherwise about a stocks future potential.
Name
Date
Total Shares
Total Assets
Current Shares
Change %:
2024-10-31
0.061
0.000
17.48 K
The history of outstanding shares shows changes in the number of shares a company has issued over time. Increases in outstanding shares can result from issuing new shares for raising capital or stock-based compensation, while decreases may occur due to share buybacks. Monitoring these changes helps investors understand how a company's capital structure is evolving, which can affect earnings per share (EPS), shareholder value, and potential dilution of ownership.
Comprehensive financial data for IPA:USA, including detailed insights into cash flow, balance sheets, and income statements—all in one convenient section.
A balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time, typically at the end of a quarter or fiscal year. It is of significant interest to stock investors as it shows the company's total assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity, allowing investors to assess its financial health and potential for growth. The charts below represent various terms and figures on the balance sheet and provide stock investors with crucial information about a company's financial health, asset composition, debt obligations, and equity structure, enabling them to make informed investment decisions.
Other current liabilities include short-term obligations not categorized elsewhere, such as accrued expenses. Stock investors monitor this category to gauge a company's short-term financial obligations and cash flow management.
Net debt is the difference between a company's total debt and its cash and equivalents. Stock investors use this metric to assess a company's overall debt burden and its ability to manage and reduce debt over time.
Cash and short-term investments represent the combined value of cash on hand and highly liquid investments with short maturities. Stock investors focus on this figure to assess the company's immediate liquidity and potential for short-term investments.
Long-term investments are assets a company intends to hold for more than a year, such as stocks, bonds, or real estate. They are crucial for investors because they can provide insights into future growth potential and financial health.
Short-long term debt total is the sum of all debt with maturities between one and five years. Stock investors examine this figure to assess the company's medium-term debt load and its impact on financial stability.
Noncurrent liabilities total represent all of a company's long-term financial obligations. Stock investors assess this category to understand the company's long-term debt and other commitments that may impact its financial stability.
Other assets represent non-primary assets that don’t fit into standard categories like cash, receivables, or inventory. These can include items like intangible assets, long-term investments, or deferred charges. Analyzing other assets provides investors with insight into the less obvious components of a company’s balance sheet, helping to assess the full scope of its financial resources and potential value drivers.
Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E) Net represents the value of a company’s physical assets, such as buildings, machinery, and equipment, after accounting for depreciation and amortization. This metric helps investors assess the company's investment in its operational infrastructure and its ability to generate future revenue. A higher PP&E Net value typically indicates substantial capital investment, which can support business growth and operational efficiency.
Deferred long-term liabilities refer to obligations that will be due beyond the current year. Stock investors consider these liabilities to understand the long-term financial commitments of the company, which may impact its future financial stability.
Common stock total equity represents the portion of stockholders' equity attributed to common shareholders. Stock investors examine this metric to understand the value and ownership rights of common stockholders.
Other liabilities encompass financial obligations not classified under standard categories like accounts payable or long-term debt. These can include items such as deferred taxes, contingent liabilities, or accrued expenses. Tracking other liabilities helps investors understand the full scope of a company's financial obligations and potential future cash outflows, providing a more comprehensive view of its financial health and risk exposure.
Net tangible assets represent a company's tangible assets (excluding intangibles) minus its total liabilities. Stock investors consider this metric to gauge a company's financial strength based on its tangible assets.
Common stock represents ownership shares in the company held by common shareholders. Stock investors are interested in common stock to understand the company's ownership structure and voting rights of common shareholders.
Capital lease obligations represent long-term lease liabilities that are treated as debt on the balance sheet. Stock investors consider these obligations when evaluating the company's long-term financial commitments and leverage.
Noncurrent assets total represent all of a company's long-term assets, including property, plant, equipment, and intangibles. Stock investors assess this category to gauge the company's long-term asset base and its potential for future growth.
Net working capital is the difference between a company's current assets and current liabilities. Stock investors use this metric to evaluate the company's short-term liquidity and its ability to cover short-term obligations.
Inventory represents the goods and materials a company holds for the purpose of selling them in the ordinary course of business. It includes raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. Monitoring inventory levels helps investors gauge a company’s production efficiency and sales performance, as well as manage costs and potential obsolescence. High inventory levels might indicate overstocking, while low levels could suggest supply chain issues or strong sales performance.
Total stockholder equity reflects the residual value of assets after subtracting liabilities. Stock investors use this figure to assess the company's net worth and shareholders' ownership stake. Positive equity indicates that the company's assets exceed its debts.
Total current assets encompass all of a company's short-term assets that are expected to be converted into cash within one year. Stock investors assess this category to understand the company's short-term liquidity and working capital.
Cash refers to the amount of money a company holds in readily available form, such as bank deposits and cash on hand. Stock investors closely track cash levels to assess a company's liquidity, its ability to cover short-term obligations, and its capacity for strategic investments or dividends.
Total assets represent the sum of all the company's resources, including cash, investments, property, and equipment. Stock investors are interested in this figure because it provides insight into a company's overall value and financial strength. Higher total assets may indicate a more stable and potentially valuable investment.
Short-term investments are financial assets that a company plans to convert into cash within a year. These typically include marketable securities, short-term bonds, or other liquid assets. Monitoring short-term investments helps investors assess a company's liquidity and its ability to meet short-term obligations or seize immediate opportunities. It provides insight into how the company manages its cash and temporary assets for strategic purposes.
Accounts payable are the company's outstanding bills and invoices it has yet to pay. Stock investors review accounts payable to assess the company's short-term liquidity and its ability to manage trade credit.
Retained earnings represent the accumulated profits or losses that a company has retained over time. Stock investors analyze retained earnings to assess the company's historical profitability and its ability to reinvest in the business or distribute dividends.
Property, plant, and equipment net represent the value of tangible assets after deducting accumulated depreciation. Stock investors consider this figure to assess the current value of these assets and their impact on the company's financial position.
Net invested capital represents the total capital invested in a company's operations, net of short-term liabilities. Stock investors consider this figure to assess the company's capital structure and the funds available for long-term investments.
Liabilities and stockholders' equity represent the total of a company's debts and equity. Stock investors consider this figure as it provides a snapshot of the company's financial structure, including its obligations and ownership.
Net receivables represent the amount of money the company expects to collect from its customers after deducting allowances for doubtful accounts. Stock investors focus on this figure to assess the company's accounts receivable quality and its potential for cash flow.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) represents the cumulative net gains and losses that are not included in net income but affect a company's equity. These can include items like foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains or losses on certain investments, and pension plan adjustments. AOCI provides investors with a broader view of a company's overall financial health, reflecting potential risks or gains that aren't immediately evident from net income alone.
Total current liabilities represent all of a company's short-term financial obligations due within the next year. Stock investors look at this figure to assess the company's short-term liquidity and ability to meet its near-term obligations.
This represents the value of physical assets after depreciation. Investors look at this to understand the tangible asset base of a company and its ability to generate revenue through its operations.
Other current assets include short-term resources that don’t fit into standard categories like cash, receivables, or inventory. This might include prepaid expenses, short-term investments, or other miscellaneous assets expected to be converted into cash or used up within a year. Tracking these assets helps investors understand a company’s short-term financial health and liquidity beyond the main asset categories.
Goodwill represents the premium a company pays when acquiring another company, reflecting the value of its brand, customer relationships, and other intangible assets. Stock investors consider goodwill to understand the potential synergies and value of acquisitions.
Short-long term debt represents debt with maturities between one and five years. Stock investors monitor this category to understand the company's mid-term debt commitments and financial obligations.
Other stockholder equity includes various items that affect stockholders' equity but are not classified elsewhere. Stock investors review this category to identify any unique or significant factors that impact shareholders' equity.
Intangible assets represent non-physical assets like patents, trademarks, and goodwill. Stock investors consider intangible assets as they can contribute to a company's competitive advantage and future growth potential. High intangible asset values may suggest a strong brand or market position.
Current deferred revenue represents revenue that has been received but not yet recognized as income. Stock investors pay attention to this item to understand the company's future revenue recognition and potential cash flow.
Noncurrent assets other include long-term assets not classified elsewhere on the balance sheet. Stock investors analyze this category to identify unique or significant long-term assets that may impact the company's financial performance.
Common stock shares outstanding represent the total number of common shares issued and held by shareholders. Stock investors use this figure to calculate metrics like earnings per share (EPS) and assess ownership distribution.
Long-term debt includes obligations with maturities beyond one year. Stock investors consider long-term debt to evaluate the company's long-term financial obligations and its ability to manage and service its debt.
Total liabilities represent the company's debts and obligations. Stock investors pay attention to this figure as it indicates the company's financial obligations and risks. High total liabilities may suggest higher financial leverage and potential challenges in meeting debt obligations.
Capital stock is similar to common stock and represents the equity capital invested by shareholders. Stock investors examine capital stock as it reflects the financial resources contributed by investors to support the company's operations and growth.
Short-term debt consists of obligations that are due within one year. Stock investors consider short-term debt to evaluate the company's short-term liquidity and its ability to meet immediate debt obligations.
Income tax expense is the amount a company owes in taxes on its taxable income for a specific period, calculated based on applicable tax rates. It is reported in financial statements and reflects the company’s obligation to local, state, and federal tax authorities. This expense directly impacts net income, making it an important metric for investors and analysts to evaluate a company’s tax efficiency, financial performance, and ability to manage tax obligations effectively.
Total revenue represents the total amount of money a company earns from its core business activities during a specific period, including sales of goods or services before any expenses are deducted. It is a fundamental metric in financial analysis, providing insights into a company’s market demand and growth potential. For investors, total revenue is a key indicator of a company’s ability to generate income and expand its operations.
This includes all costs associated with running a company’s operations, such as salaries, rent, utilities, and other administrative expenses.
Reconciled depreciation refers to the process of adjusting an asset's accumulated depreciation to reflect its actual usage, wear, or market value more accurately. By combining various factors, such as operational changes or economic conditions, it ensures consistency in financial reporting and provides a realistic valuation of the asset. This is crucial for stock analysis and investment decisions, as it offers transparency into a company's accounting practices and the true impact of aging assets on profitability, helping investors assess financial health more effectively.
This represents net income or expenses that are not directly related to core operations, such as investment income, gains, or non-recurring charges.
This is the cost incurred by a company for borrowing funds. It reflects the interest paid on loans or other debt obligations.
This is the income earned from interest-bearing assets, such as savings accounts, bonds, or loans, providing a secondary revenue stream.
This represents the portion of net income attributable to common shareholders after preferred dividends are paid.
This is the profit generated from ongoing business operations, excluding results from discontinued operations or extraordinary items.
This reflects the estimated amount of income tax a company expects to pay during a reporting period, based on taxable income and applicable rates.
This is the profit a company earns after accounting for all expenses, taxes, and costs. It is a critical measure of financial performance.
Selling and marketing expenses are the costs a company incurs to promote and sell its products or services, including advertising, sales team salaries, promotional activities, market research, and related overheads. These expenses play a crucial role in driving revenue and expanding market share, making them an important metric for investors to assess a company's growth strategy, profitability, and competitive position in the market.
Depreciation and amortization represent the allocation of an asset's cost over its useful life. Depreciation applies to tangible assets like machinery or buildings, while amortization relates to intangible assets such as patents or trademarks. These expenses are recorded in financial statements to reflect the gradual reduction in the value of assets over time. For investors, understanding depreciation and amortization helps assess a company's asset management and its impact on profitability and cash flow.
This includes expenditures on research and development activities aimed at innovating or improving products and services. It reflects a company’s commitment to growth and innovation.
This includes costs that are part of operating activities but do not fall under major categories like salaries or rent.
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) measures a company’s profitability from operations, excluding the effects of financial structure and tax liabilities.
This is the profit earned before income tax expenses are deducted. It provides insight into profitability from core and non-core activities.
This represents the profit generated from a company’s core business operations, excluding income from investments or non-operational sources.
Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) expenses encompass the costs associated with running a company's day-to-day operations outside of production. These include expenses for sales efforts, marketing, corporate management, office administration, and other overhead costs. SG&A is a key metric for investors, as it reflects a company’s operational efficiency and its ability to manage costs while driving revenue. A well-managed SG&A expense ratio can indicate strong financial discipline and a competitive edge.
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) measures operational profitability, excluding non-cash and financing expenses.
This includes the direct costs associated with producing and delivering a company’s products or services. It helps in calculating gross profit.
This represents the difference between interest earned on assets and interest paid on liabilities. It is a key metric for financial institutions.
This is the profit a company earns after subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS) from revenue, reflecting production efficiency.
This represents the cash distributed to shareholders as dividends during the reporting period. It reflects a company’s commitment to returning profits to investors.
This captures the cash inflows or outflows associated with the sale or purchase of stock. It reflects a company's activities in buying back its own shares or issuing new stock to investors.
This tracks the variation in accounts receivable balances over a period. A decrease suggests improved cash collection, while an increase could indicate rising credit sales.
This includes cash inflows or outflows from non-standard financing activities, such as one-time loan repayments or unusual funding arrangements.
This metric represents the net cash generated or used by a company in its primary business activities. It is a critical indicator of the company’s financial health and operational performance.
This represents cash flows from various investing activities that are not specifically categorized. It may include unusual or irregular transactions, such as asset disposals or investments that fall outside regular operational or strategic plans.
This captures the changes in a company’s liabilities, such as loans, payables, or other obligations. It can reflect debt repayments or new borrowings.
This is the profit a company earns after accounting for all expenses, taxes, and costs. It is a critical measure of financial performance.
This represents variations in current assets and liabilities, indicating how effectively a company manages its short-term liquidity and operational efficiency.
This represents the amount of cash a company has at the end of a reporting period. It provides a snapshot of liquidity after all operating, investing, and financing activities.
These are funds used by a company to acquire, maintain, or upgrade physical assets such as property, buildings, or equipment. It reflects investments in long-term growth.
This is the cash available to a company after accounting for operational expenses and capital expenditures. It is a key metric for assessing financial flexibility and profitability.
This is the net difference in a company's cash position over a specific period. It shows the overall impact of operational, investing, and financing activities on cash.
These are non-cash accounting adjustments that do not directly affect a company’s cash flow, such as stock-based compensation or unrealized gains and losses.
This metric includes net cash inflows or outflows from financing activities such as issuing debt, repurchasing shares, or paying dividends.
This reflects the value of stock or stock options granted to employees as part of their compensation. It is a non-cash expense affecting profitability.
This shows the amount of cash a company had at the start of the reporting period, serving as a starting point for analyzing changes in liquidity.
This reflects adjustments made to a company’s net income, often for non-cash expenses, income fluctuations, or tax effects. It helps provide a clearer picture of actual earnings.
This refers to adjustments made to cash flows from operating activities. These changes often include modifications for non-cash items, operational efficiencies, or restructuring efforts.
This captures the net effect of new borrowings and repayments during a reporting period, indicating a company’s reliance on debt for financing.
This includes cash used in or generated from activities such as purchasing or selling long-term assets, investments, and other capital expenditures.
Issuance of capital stock is how companies raise funds by offering shares to investors, providing them ownership stakes in the business. This process supports growth, operations, or strategic goals and can occur through public offerings like IPOs or private placements. Our platform delivers insights, real-time data, and expert analysis to help investors understand and navigate stock issuance opportunities effectively.
This reflects changes in a company’s inventory levels, which may result from shifts in production, sales, or supply chain efficiency.
This accounts for the reduction in value of a company’s tangible assets over time due to wear and tear or obsolescence. It is a non-cash expense that impacts profit and cash flow.